Butler Privacy Project

Butler Privacy Project

Evidence and Sources

What the public record shows about Liberty's cameras and where their data can travel โ€” now including the contracts, policy, and MOU released through our August 2026 records responses. Remaining unknowns stay marked plainly.

What Liberty is buying

Public record ยท 2026

10 cameras, $30,000 a year, auto-renewing (contract-confirmed)

The signed January 22, 2026 order confirms the reported deal: 10 Flock license plate readers plus the Flock platform at $30,000 per year on a 36-month term totaling $90,000 โ€” and it renews automatically for successive terms unless either party gives 30 days' notice of non-renewal. The order states a 30-day retention period; Flock cut its default to 7 days in August 2026 but existing customers keep old settings, so Liberty's current setting is unverified.

Signed Flock order (BCSO production)
Public record ยท 2022

In Flock's sharing network since 2022, for free

A no-cost, five-year MOU signed June 23, 2022 gave BCSO search access to Flock's network of recordings years before Liberty's cameras were ordered. Flock retains ownership of the data and 'the right to use the foregoing for any purpose in Flock's sole discretion,' with liability capped at the fees paid or $100.

Flockโ€“BCSO MOU (BCSO production)
Township document

Budgeted in the township's financial plan

Liberty Township's 2026โ€“2035 Financial Plan lists 'Flock Camera' in the Police Department capital improvement plan, with $35,000 budgeted in 2025 and $35,000 estimated for 2026 โ€” even though the Township's records response says it holds no fiscal records for the cameras. We've asked for the records behind that budget line.

2026โ€“2035 Financial Plan
Township minutes ยท 2026

Approved as 'technology,' paid from the opioid fund

Liberty's trustees discussed 'Flock Camera' at a January 20, 2026 work session, then on February 3 unanimously approved Addendum #2 to the BCSO police-services contract โ€” worded only as 'technology needed to provide police services' at ~$30,000/yr, with no public comments recorded โ€” charged to account 2904-210-360-0000, which Liberty's own budget identifies as its Ohio Opioid Settlement fund. The executed addendum has never been made public; we've requested it.

Liberty Township minutes
Public record ยท 2025

The written rules: broad use, thin oversight

BCSO's ALPR policy โ€” issued November 2025, three and a half years after the MOU โ€” requires no reasonable suspicion to search, lets administrators grant outside agencies access at their discretion, allows data to be downloaded and kept past Flock's 30-day purge, and provides one internal audit a year with no public reporting. It says nothing about immigration enforcement.

BCSO Policy 4.36

The regional 'net'

These cameras are built to share. West Chester's police chief, Joel Herzog, described a regional "net" where departments pool their camera data, and said he hoped Liberty Township would add cameras to "fill in a hole in the net."

That's the part residents should sit with. Liberty's 10 cameras don't just feed Liberty. They feed a network, and once data is in the network, the question becomes who else can search it.

Where the data can go

This is the part that sets Butler County apart, and it is sourced, not speculation. Liberty's cameras are funded through a sheriff's office that is also deputized for federal immigration enforcement.

Sourced ยท 2026

BCSO holds both a Flock contract and a 287(g) ICE agreement

Public radio reporting identified the Butler County Sheriff's Office as one of only four Ohio agencies with both a Flock contract and a 287(g) agreement with ICE. The four offices had not responded to records requests.

WOSU
Sourced ยท 2025

Deputies can act on immigration during traffic stops

Butler County deputies became the first in Ohio cleared to enforce limited immigration authority during routine police work, including traffic stops. One publicized stop ended with four men held on ICE detainers.

WCPO 9
Sourced ยท 2026

It already happened in Dayton

When Dayton released its Flock logs, they showed about 7,150 immigration-related searches by 140+ outside agencies. Per those logs, the Butler County Sheriff's Office ran six immigration-related searches of Dayton's data since 2023.

Dayton Daily News

What the records requests produced

All three July 8, 2026 requests received responses in early August: the contract, MOU, policy, and county approval were released; the audit and search logs were denied in full; and Liberty Township's referenced attachments never arrived. Every released document is published in full, and narrowed follow-ups are drafted.

What Flock is built to do

Flock markets far more than plate reading. Its materials describe a "Vehicle Fingerprint" that can find a car by its color, dents, or bumper stickers even without a readable plate, plus newer products for audio detection, pan-tilt-zoom cameras, drones, and data fusion.

These capabilities are marketed generally by Flock. None is confirmed to be running in Liberty Township. We separate what the vendor sells from what is deployed here on purpose, so the mission-creep concern rests on Flock's own words.

See how the vendor describes the product itself.

Flock product page

The risks that come with it

Security

A surveillance system is a target

404 Media found at least 60 of Flock's newer cameras exposed to the open internet with no password, letting anyone watch live feeds and download archived video. Senators called for an FTC investigation. There is no evidence Liberty's cameras were exposed; the point is that vendor assurances are not a substitute for independent review.

404 Media
Due process

When the camera is wrong

The Institute for Justice found innocent drivers pulled over, detained at gunpoint, or jailed after misreads, and in nearly two-thirds of cases officers didn't catch the error until after drawing their weapons. A wrong read can turn a routine stop dangerous.

Institute for Justice
Effectiveness

Does it even work?

Federal and peer-reviewed research is mixed. Studies find license plate readers can help recover stolen vehicles but show little clear evidence they prevent crime in general patrol. The benefit is real but narrow, which is why the trade-off matters.

National Institute of Justice / National Policing Institute

What's happened elsewhere in Ohio

Terminated ยท 2026

Oxford, Ohio

On August 18, 2026, Oxford City Council โ€” in Butler County โ€” voted 6โ€“1 to terminate the city's Flock contract. Council had been presented with a safeguards package that would have cut sharing from roughly 2,215 agencies to departments in Butler and surrounding counties, and voted 5โ€“2 to amend 'maintain' into 'terminate' before passing the final measure. Mayor Mike Smith said of the system's evolution: 'I don't think we signed up for that.'

WVXU
Suspended ยท 2026

Dayton, Ohio

Dayton suspended its 72 Flock cameras on May 1, 2026 and covered them, after finding its data had been shared far beyond policy. Released logs showed about 7,150 immigration-related searches by more than 140 outside agencies, over half by U.S. Border Patrol. Per those logs, the Butler County Sheriff's Office ran six immigration-related searches since 2023. The city called it 'egregious violations of policy.'

Dayton Daily News
Rejected ยท 2025

Kent, Ohio

Kent City Council voted on Nov. 5, 2025 against letting the police department enter a Flock contract, citing privacy and data-sharing concerns. An Ohio community reviewed the program and chose not to fund it.

The Portager
Renewal blocked ยท 2026

Cleveland, Ohio

In June 2026, a Cleveland City Council committee voted 3-1 against extending the city's $250,000 Flock contract, with members questioning whether the cameras were actually improving public safety.

Signal Cleveland
Sharing restricted ยท 2026

Shaker Heights, Ohio

In June 2026, Shaker Heights amended its Flock contract to bar access by federal agencies, out-of-state agencies, and any agency holding a 287(g) ICE agreement, after records showed the overwhelming majority of searches of its data came from outside agencies.

News 5 Cleveland
Renewed ยท 2026

Brimfield Township, Ohio

For balance: Brimfield Township renewed a one-year $12,000 contract for four cameras after trustees called it a 'hot topic' and said they wanted to keep watching it. Not every Ohio community has pulled back.

The Portager

Other Ohio communities fit the same pattern โ€” most pointedly Oxford, in this same county, whose council voted 6โ€“1 on August 18, 2026 to terminate its Flock contract after deciding that even cutting sharing from ~2,215 agencies to a regional group wasn't enough. Lucas County's move to cancel a $250,000 contract became a contested legal dispute, while Upper Arlington expanded its cameras. Nationally, the pace of cancellations is accelerating: at least 53 cities canceled contracts in the mid-2026 wave over unauthorized federal and ICE data access (Tech Times), and 82 contracts have been terminated across 28 states since 2021, with cancellations continuing into July 2026 (tracked count). This is what makes removal a realistic outcome here, not just an aspiration: contracts this size have already been rescinded elsewhere, repeatedly and recently.

The legal backdrop

We are not claiming Liberty's program is illegal. In Carpenter v. United States, the Supreme Court recognized that a long record of a person's movements is private even when each trip happens in public, and can require a warrant to obtain.

Courts are still drawing the line for networked license plate readers, and we state that plainly: no controlling court has held a system like Liberty's unconstitutional โ€” and none has held that a dense, retrospectively searchable, cross-jurisdictional ALPR network is categorically constitutional either. The Sixth Circuit has ruled there is no privacy expectation in the plate itself; the question courts keep reserving is what happens when thousands of time-and-place observations are aggregated into a searchable history. In June 2026, the Supreme Court held in Chatrie that pulling historical phone-location records is a search even for short periods โ€” not an ALPR case, but the clearest signal yet that comprehensiveness, not duration alone, drives the analysis. Norfolk's Flock system survived at the district court on its specific facts; that decision is on appeal.

Which is exactly why waiting for a court is the wrong plan. The law sets a floor, not a policy. Trustees don't need a ruling that the cameras are illegal to decide the township shouldn't fund a system whose retention keeps growing capability, whose sharing reaches nationwide, and whose oversight is one internal memo a year. Removal now, while the network here is still small, doesn't require winning a constitutional case โ€” it requires a vote.

Sources

Liberty Twp. adding 10 rear license plate readers

Journal-News - February 2026

Local reporting stated that Liberty Township was adding 10 Flock rear license plate readers at an annual cost of about $30,000, added to the township's monthly payments to the Butler County Sheriff's Office. The article also described cloud-based storage, logged search reasons, searches by participating jurisdictions, national database access, and 30-day deletion. Lt. Michael Nutt called it a 'huge sharing network.'

Local relevance: Primary local source that Liberty residents are paying for the cameras. The reported figures were later contract-confirmed by the signed January 2026 Flock order released via public records.

Liberty TownshipFlockLocal fundingBCSO
Open source

Liberty Township adding 10 rear license plate readers

WCPO 9 - February 2026

Local TV coverage of the same Liberty Township camera program, including where the readers were being placed and how the township described their purpose.

Local relevance: Second local outlet reporting the deployment and cost.

Liberty TownshipFlockALPR
Open source

Liberty Township 2026โ€“2035 Financial Plan

Liberty Township - 2026โ€“2035 Financial Plan

The township's 2026โ€“2035 Financial Plan lists 'Flock Camera' in the Police Department / Police Fund capital improvement plan, with $35,000 budgeted in 2025 and $35,000 estimated for 2026. The plan describes Flock cameras as small cameras designed to assist law enforcement in a variety of investigations.

Local relevance: Official township document confirming Flock is a budget and trustee accountability item.

BudgetPolice FundFlockCapital plan
Open source

Flock cameras that read license plates are a good crime-fighting tool, officials say

Journal-News

West Chester Police Chief Joel Herzog described a regional camera 'net' where agencies share data, and said he hoped Liberty Township would add cameras to 'fill in a hole in the net.' The story also lists crimes West Chester's cameras helped investigate. Included so residents see both the stated benefits and the regional data-pooling design.

Local relevance: Shows a neighboring chief openly lobbying to close the Liberty gap, and that data-pooling is a design goal.

West ChesterButler CountyFlockData sharing
Open source

Columbus police limit nationwide access to Flock surveillance cameras

WOSU Public Media - June 25, 2026

Reports that four Ohio agencies โ€” the Butler, Lake, Portage, and Warren county sheriff's offices โ€” hold both a Flock contract and a 287(g) agreement with ICE, and that the four 'have not responded to records requests.' Columbus police asked Flock to build a way to exclude 287(g) agencies from searching its cameras.

Local relevance: The keystone source: it places BCSO in the Flock + 287(g) overlap, by name, in an NPR-affiliate report.

287(g)BCSOICEData sharingOhio
Open source

Butler County deputies now authorized to make immigration arrests under ICE program

WCPO 9 - 2025

Reports that Butler County deputies became the first in Ohio cleared to enforce 'limited immigration authority during routine police enforcement,' such as traffic stops, under the 287(g) Task Force Model. One publicized arrest began as a traffic stop and ended with four men held on ICE detainers.

Local relevance: Connects license-plate camera hits to traffic-stop enforcement by the same office.

287(g)Task Force ModelTraffic stopsBCSO
Open source

Dayton releases Flock camera data used for immigration enforcement

Dayton Daily News - June 26, 2026

Reports that Dayton's released logs showed about 7,150 immigration-related searches of its Flock data by more than 140 outside agencies, over half by U.S. Border Patrol. Per those logs, the Butler County Sheriff's Office ran six immigration-related searches since 2023. Dayton released the logs after a newspaper attorney disputed the city's exemption claim.

Local relevance: A nearby Ohio city where the exact risks in our records requests already materialized, with BCSO named in the logs.

DaytonImmigrationAudit logsData sharing
Open source

Dayton suspends automated license plate readers after 'egregious' data-sharing violations

WYSO - May 1, 2026

Reports that Dayton suspended its 72 Flock cameras after finding its data had been shared far beyond policy. The police chief described it as 'user error,' saying 'it's not a system issue, it's an us issue,' and cameras were covered.

Local relevance: Shows a policy promise like Liberty's can break at scale in Ohio.

DaytonSuspensionPolicy violation
Open source

Kent City Council rejects video surveillance contract with Flock

The Portager - November 2025

Reports that Kent City Council voted on Nov. 5, 2025 against letting the police department enter a Flock contract, amid privacy and data-sharing concerns.

Local relevance: Proof that an Ohio community can review the program and decide not to fund it.

KentOhioCouncil voteRejection
Open source

Flock camera contract extension rejected by Cleveland City Council committee

Signal Cleveland - June 2026

Reports that a Cleveland City Council committee voted 3-1 against extending the city's $250,000 Flock contract while members questioned whether the cameras were improving safety.

Local relevance: An Ohio example of elected officials weighing cost and public-safety value before renewing.

ClevelandOhioContract renewalEffectiveness
Open source

Does Flock Share Data With ICE? (vendor statement)

Flock Safety - January 2026

Flock's own statement that it does not work with ICE, that federal agencies cannot see data by default, and that agencies can turn off federal sharing with a single toggle. Published here so readers can weigh the vendor's claims for themselves.

Local relevance: The vendor's assurance. Read it next to the ACLU's rebuttal and the Dayton logs.

FlockICEVendor position
Open source

Flock Safety Credibility Lost as it Repeatedly Lies to City Councils

ACLU - 2025

The ACLU documents cases where Flock told officials one thing and later admitted another, including initially denying federal contracts before acknowledging a CBP/DHS pilot that gave those agencies access.

Local relevance: The rebuttal to publish alongside Flock's ICE statement.

FlockICECBPAccountability
Open source

Flock exposed its AI-powered cameras to the internet

404 Media - December 2025

Reports that at least 60 of Flock's Condor cameras were left exposed to the open internet with no password, letting anyone watch live feeds, download 30 days of archive, and change settings. Sen. Wyden and Rep. Krishnamoorthi urged an FTC investigation.

Local relevance: Surveillance infrastructure is a target. Vendor assurances are not a substitute for independent review.

SecurityCondorExposure
Open source

Innocent motorists detained at gunpoint due to license plate camera errors

Institute for Justice - 2026

A review of media reports and court records found innocent drivers pulled over, detained at gunpoint, or jailed after ALPR misreads, with most cases since 2023 and, in nearly two-thirds, officers not realizing the error until after drawing their weapons.

Local relevance: The risk-management case: a wrong read can escalate a routine stop.

False positivesWrongful stopsDue process
Open source

Automated License Plate Readers (Street-Level Surveillance)

Electronic Frontier Foundation

A plain explanation of how ALPR systems work and why stored, searchable location data can reveal where people live, work, worship, and gather.

Local relevance: Background for the difference between one plate read and a database of movements over time.

Civil libertiesRetentionLocation tracking
Open source

Carpenter v. United States

U.S. Supreme Court (via Oyez) - 2018

The Supreme Court held that long-term location tracking can require a warrant, recognizing that the sum of a person's movements is private even when each movement happens in public.

Local relevance: The legal reasoning behind why a searchable movement history raises real constitutional questions.

Fourth AmendmentLocation history
Open source

Flock Safety license plate reader cameras (vendor product page)

Flock Safety

Flock's own product page, describing features such as Vehicle Fingerprint that identify vehicles without a visible plate, plus a national sharing network.

Local relevance: Straight from the vendor, so readers can see what the system is built to do.

FlockVehicle FingerprintProduct
Open source

Flock Safety crosses 100,000 cameras as 53 cities cancel over unauthorized federal data access

Tech Times - June 29, 2026

Reports that at least 53 cities canceled Flock contracts amid a wave of concern over unauthorized federal and ICE access to camera data, even as Flock's national camera count passed 100,000.

Local relevance: The clearest dated, named-outlet figure for the recent ICE-driven cancellation wave; cite this instead of an undated 'dozens of cities' estimate.

CancellationsNational tallyICEData sharing
Open source

82 Flock contracts terminated across 28 states

San Francisco Standard (via BanFlockCameras) - May 2026

Tracks 82 total Flock contract terminations across 28 states between August 2021 and May 2026, including 39 in just the first five months of 2026, with cancellations continuing into July 2026.

Local relevance: The broader all-cause cumulative cancellation count, useful alongside the narrower 53-city ICE-driven figure to show the trend is accelerating, not just a single-cause spike.

CancellationsNational tally
Open source

DeFlock public ALPR mapping project

DeFlock

A crowdsourced public project for locating and reporting ALPR cameras. Counts are user-reported and often lower than deployed numbers. Butler Privacy Project is not affiliated with DeFlock.

Local relevance: A resource for lawful camera identification and wider context; label its numbers as crowdsourced.

Public mappingCrowdsourced
Open source

Signed Flock order form: 10 cameras, $30,000/yr, 36-month auto-renewing term

Butler County Sheriff's Office (public records production) - January 22, 2026

Order form signed by BCSO's Finance Director: 10 Flock LPR cameras plus platform at $30,000/yr for 36 months ($90,000 total), auto-renewing unless either party gives 30 days' non-renewal notice. Includes State and Nationwide Network plate lookup, NCIC alerts, unlimited custom hot lists, Vehicle Fingerprint search, and reporting tools (network audits, plate read reports, event logs, outcome reports).

Local relevance: Contract-confirms the reported Liberty 10-camera, ~$30k/yr deployment and shows the program continues automatically unless notice is given.

ContractPublic recordAuto-renewalFlock
Open source

BCSO Policy 4.36: Automated License Plate Readers (ALPR) โ€” FLOCK

Butler County Sheriff's Office (public records production) - November 25, 2025

BCSO's ALPR policy: no reasonable suspicion or probable cause required; outside-agency access granted at administrators' discretion; per-search CAD/case number logging; Flock purges at 30 days but BCSO may download and retain data beyond that; one random internal audit per year memo'd to the Chief Deputy; silent on federal or immigration-related access.

Local relevance: The written rules governing Liberty-funded cameras โ€” broad permissions, discretionary outside access, and internal-only oversight.

PolicyPublic recordOversightRetention
Open source

Flockโ€“BCSO data-sharing memorandum of understanding

Butler County Sheriff's Office (public records production) - June 23, 2022

Five-year, no-cost MOU giving BCSO search access to Flock's network of recordings. Flock retains data ownership and 'the right to use the foregoing for any purpose in Flock's sole discretion'; liability is capped at fees paid or $100; the indemnification section is 'Intentionally Omitted.'

Local relevance: Shows BCSO joined Flock's sharing network in 2022 โ€” years before Liberty's cameras โ€” and what rights the vendor kept over the data.

MOUPublic recordData sharingVendor terms
Open source

Resolution 24-12-01823: no-bid Flock contract approval

Butler County Board of Commissioners (public records production) - December 16, 2024

The commissioners approved a no-bid contract with Flock Group Inc. for LPR camera hardware and software 'at a cost not to exceed $29,000.00, effective December 2024 to December 2026,' adopted 2-0 with one commissioner excused.

Local relevance: The only county approval released โ€” its $29,000 / through-2026 terms differ from the signed $90,000 / 36-month order, a gap we have asked the commissioners to explain.

ApprovalPublic recordCounty
Open source

Liberty Township response to Butler Privacy Project records request

Liberty Township (Law Director) - August 3, 2026

The Township's Law Director responds that BCSO is the contracting party with Flock, that the Township holds no BCSO records and no responsive fiscal records, and denies two requests as overbroad. The letter references attached records that were not delivered with the response.

Local relevance: The Township's official position on who owns the camera program โ€” and a 'no fiscal records' answer that sits next to the Township's own published Flock Camera budget line.

Public recordRecords responseLiberty Township
Open source

Liberty Township Trustees minutes: 'Flock Camera Discussion' work session

Liberty Township (official minutes) - January 20, 2026

Official minutes list 'Flock Camera Discussion' as the first item of the Trustees' 5:30 p.m. work session, with all three trustees present. The minutes record only the subject heading, not what was said, and the regular meeting that followed records no public comments.

Local relevance: Proof the Trustees discussed Flock by name before funding it โ€” and that the substance of that discussion was never documented publicly.

Public recordTrusteesApproval process
Open source

Liberty Township Trustees minutes: Addendum #2 approved unanimously

Liberty Township (official minutes) - February 3, 2026

The Board unanimously approved Addendum #2 to the January 1, 2025 Police Services Contract with BCSO, described only as 'technology needed to provide police services' at approximately $30,000 annually, charged to account 2904-210-360-0000 โ€” an account Liberty's own records identify as its Ohio Opioid Settlement fund. The motion never says 'Flock,' and no public comments were recorded.

Local relevance: The funding vote behind Liberty's cameras: real, unanimous, and worded so generically that residents reading the agenda could not know it was a surveillance purchase.

Public recordTrusteesFundingOpioid settlement
Open source

Liberty Township 2026 Budget: Fund 2904 identified as Opioid Settlement Fund

Liberty Township - 2026

Liberty's adopted 2026 budget identifies Fund 2904 as the Opioid Settlement fund, and the township's appropriation report places account 2904-210-360-0000 โ€” the account named in the February 3 technology authorization โ€” within that fund. Resolution 2022-033 created Fund 2904 for the Ohio opioid settlement.

Local relevance: Establishes, from primary township records, that the camera funding authorization was charged to the opioid-settlement fund. The invoices and remediation rationale have been requested.

BudgetOpioid settlementPublic record
Open source

Oxford City Council votes 6-1 to terminate Flock contract

WVXU - August 19, 2026

Oxford City Council voted 6-1 on August 18, 2026 to terminate the city's Flock contract, after first amending a maintain-with-safeguards proposal into a termination measure 5-2. The rejected safeguards would have cut data sharing from roughly 2,215 agencies to departments in Butler and surrounding counties.

Local relevance: A Butler County city weighed heavy restrictions against removal and chose removal. The closest possible precedent for Liberty.

OxfordButler CountyTerminationOhio
Open source

Flock updates privacy, accountability, security, and transparency safeguards

Flock Safety - August 13, 2026

Flock changed its recommended/default ALPR retention from 30 days to seven days โ€” while stating that existing customers keep their current approved retention unless they change it โ€” and announced mandatory multifactor authentication, mandatory Audit Assistance and required case codes for law-enforcement customers by the end of 2026.

Local relevance: The vendor's own baseline moved after Liberty's deployment. Whether BCSO adopted any of it for Liberty's cameras is a records question we've asked.

FlockRetentionVendor policyAudits
Open source

BCSO 287(g) Task Force Model memorandum of agreement with ICE

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement - June 12, 2025

ICE's published memorandum of agreement documents the Butler County Sheriff's Office's 287(g) Task Force Model relationship, and ICE's 2026 monthly encounter reporting documents active BCSO participation.

Local relevance: The primary federal record behind the Flock-plus-287(g) overlap. It establishes the institutional relationship, not any use of Liberty camera data.

287(g)ICEBCSOPrimary federal record
Open source

BCSO confirms participation in Flock statewide sharing

WOSU / Ideastream - July 11, 2026

Reporting on Columbus's decision to stop statewide Flock sharing notes that the Butler County Sheriff's Office confirmed it participates in Flock's statewide sharing feature.

Local relevance: BCSO's own confirmation that it shares beyond the county โ€” while which agencies can search Liberty-funded data specifically remains undisclosed.

Data sharingStatewide networkBCSO
Open source

Chatrie v. United States (U.S. Supreme Court slip opinion)

U.S. Supreme Court - June 29, 2026

The Court held that government acquisition of Google's historical Location History was a Fourth Amendment search, rejecting the argument that requesting only a short period ends the constitutional inquiry when the underlying location database is comprehensive. Not an ALPR case โ€” an aggregation-principle analogy.

Local relevance: The strongest recent signal that comprehensiveness, not duration alone, drives the constitutional analysis of location databases.

Fourth AmendmentLocation dataCase law
Open source

United States v. Porter, 170 F.4th 381 (5th Cir. 2026)

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (via Justia) - March 17, 2026

The clearest federal appellate ALPR ruling to date: use of a limited system of roughly ten license plate readers producing periodic public-road observations was not a Fourth Amendment search. Not binding in Ohio. We cite it because our case doesn't depend on hiding adverse authority.

Local relevance: Important adverse authority โ€” and a reminder that courts have upheld only limited systems while reserving the question for dense, networked ones.

ALPRCase lawAdverse authority
Open source

Schmidt v. City of Norfolk โ€” district summary judgment; appeal pending (4th Cir. No. 26-1227)

E.D. Va. (via Justia) / Fourth Circuit docket - January 27, 2026

After discovery, the district court held Norfolk's 176-camera Flock network โ€” as actually proven, with substantial gaps between observations โ€” did not yet reveal the 'whole or nearly whole' of the plaintiffs' movements, expressly limiting the ruling to that system. The appeal was fully briefed in the Fourth Circuit as of August 2026.

Local relevance: The case our earlier 'constitutional balancing could tip' framing referenced โ€” now cited precisely, with its appellate status noted.

ALPRNorfolkCase lawAppeal pending
Open source

United States v. May-Shaw, 955 F.3d 563 (6th Cir. 2020)

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit - April 8, 2020

Binding Sixth Circuit authority: post-Carpenter, prolonged camera surveillance of publicly visible areas was not a search on that record. Together with Ellison (no privacy expectation in plate information), this is the controlling adverse backdrop in Ohio's federal courts โ€” which is why our argument rests on aggregation and policy, not on claiming the cameras are already illegal.

Local relevance: We publish the law that cuts against us on purpose. The unresolved question is dense, retrospective, cross-jurisdictional aggregation.

Fourth AmendmentCase lawBinding authority
Open source

Ohio Revised Code ยง 149.43 โ€” Public Records Act (including the ALPR database exemption)

Ohio General Assembly - Current through 2026

The statute BCSO invoked to deny our audit-log request: subsection (A)(1)(yy) excludes 'images and data captured by an automated license plate recognition system that are maintained in a law enforcement database' from the definition of public record. On its face it does not exempt contracts, policies, invoices, or agency-authored memoranda.

Local relevance: The exact legal ground of the denial โ€” and the reason our follow-ups target agency-authored records the exemption doesn't reach.

Public recordsStatute(yy) exemption
Open source

Liberty Township 2023 Budget Work Session Presentation

Liberty Township - 2023

Liberty's 2023 budget work-session presentation lists a 'Flock camera system purchase + ongoing annual fee' under BCSO public-safety priorities โ€” showing the project was in township planning years before the 2026 vote.

Local relevance: Establishes the deployment was long-planned, not sudden โ€” and that years of planning still produced a funding motion that never said 'Flock.'

BudgetPlanningPublic record
Open source

Liberty Township 2024โ€“2028 Financial Plan

Liberty Township - 2023 planning cycle

The earlier financial plan places a $35,000 'Flock Camera' item in the Police Fund capital plan for 2025 โ€” a planning figure distinct from the ~$30,000 annual authorization the Trustees later approved.

Local relevance: Second primary budget document in the Flock planning trail.

BudgetPolice FundFlock
Open source

Liberty Township Resolution 2022-033: creation of Fund 2904 (Ohio Opioid Settlement)

Liberty Township - April 5, 2022

The April 2022 agenda packet contains Resolution 2022-033 establishing '2904 Special Revenue โ€“ Ohio Opioid Settlement' โ€” the fund whose account 2904-210-360-0000 the February 3, 2026 camera-funding motion charges.

Local relevance: The founding document of the fund the camera money was charged to.

Opioid settlementFund 2904Public record
Open source

Oxford PD proposes new oversight for Flock cameras (before council chose termination)

Oxford Free Press - August 2026

Oxford's Police Community Relations Review Commission proposed keeping Flock with added oversight โ€” a transparency portal, regional-only sharing, enhanced training. Council weighed that package and voted to terminate instead.

Local relevance: Shows Oxford's termination wasn't a snap decision: a serious safeguards alternative was on the table and an elected body still concluded removal was the answer.

OxfordSafeguardsTermination
Open source